Rolf Peterson (born May 11, 1944) is a Swedish sprint canoer who competed from the mid 1960s to the early 1970s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won two medals in the K-1 1000 m event with a gold in 1964 and a silver in 1972.

Peterson also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (K-2 500 m: 1970, 1971) and one silver (K-2 1000 m: 1970).

He was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1964.