The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center is one of the nation's original three comprehensive cancer centers established by the National Cancer Act of 1971. It is both a degree-granting academic institution and a cancer treatment and research center located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas. For four of the past six years, M. D. Anderson has ranked No. 1 in cancer care in the "America's Best Hospitals" survey published in U.S. News & World Report.

M. D. Anderson was created by an act of the Texas Legislature in 1941, making it a component of The University of Texas System. Today it is one of 40 Comprehensive Cancer Centers designated by the National Cancer Institute. The cancer center expects to see more than 90,000 patients this year and employs more than 17,000 people.

The cancer center is named after Monroe Dunaway Anderson, a banker and cotton trader from Jackson, Tennessee. He was a member of a business partnership with his brother-in-law Will Clayton. Their company became the largest cotton company in the world. Anderson feared that, in the event of one of the partners' deaths, the company would lose a large amount of money to estate tax and be forced to dissolve. To avoid this, Anderson created the M.D. Anderson Foundation with an initial sum of $300,000. In 1939 after Anderson's death, the foundation received $19 million.