The BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant was a fatal shooting in Oakland, California, United States, in the early morning hours of New Year's Day 2009. Responding to reports of a fight on a crowded BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) train returning from San Francisco, BART Police officers had detained Grant and several other passengers on the platform at the Fruitvale BART Station. Officer Johannes Mehserle and another officer were restraining Grant, who was prostrate and resisting arrest. Mehserle stood, drew his gun and shot Grant once in the back. Grant turned out to be unarmed. Grant was pronounced dead at 9:13 am the next morning at Highland Hospital in Oakland. On January 13, Alameda County prosecutors charged Mehserle with murder for the shooting. He resigned his position and pled not guilty.

The events were captured on multiple digital and cell phone cameras. The footage was disseminated to media outlets and to various websites, where it was watched hundreds of thousands of times. The following days saw both peaceful and violent protests.

The shooting has been variously labeled an involuntary manslaughter and an execution. Michael Rains, Mehserle's criminal defense attorney, claimed Mehserle intended to fire his Taser, but mistakenly shot Grant with a pistol when he thought Grant was reaching for a gun.