The Almanac

Today is Tuesday, Dec. 20, the 354th day of 2005 with 11 to follow.

The moon is waning. The morning stars are Mercury, Jupiter, Pluto and Saturn. The evening stars are Venus, Mars, Uranus and Neptune.

Those born on this date are under the sign of Sagittarius. They include author and decorator Elsie de Wolfe (Lady Mendl) in 1865; industrialist Harvey Firestone in 1868; philosopher Susanne K. Langer in 1895; actress Irene Dunne in 1898; nuclear physicist Robert Van de Graaff in 1901; movie director George Roy Hill in 1922 (age 83); actor John Hillerman in 1932 (age 73); psychic Uri Geller in 1946 (age 59); and actors Jenny Agutter in 1952 (age 53) and Kiefer Sutherland in 1966 (age 39).

On this date in history:

In 1803, the United States formally took over territory acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase.

In 1812, Sacagawea, the young Indian woman who guided the Lewis and Clark Expedition, died.

In 1864, Union Gen. William T. Sherman completed his "march to the sea" across the South and arrived in Savannah, Ga.

In 1907, University of Chicago physics professor Albert Michelson became the first U.S. scientist to receive the Nobel Prize.

In 1946 the first Indochina war began with Vietnamese troops under Ho Chi Minh clashing with the French at Hanoi.

In 1956, the Montgomery, Ala., public bus boycott officially ended but not until it had given a major boost to the civil rights struggle in the South. The boycott had been called in reaction to the Dec. 1, 1955, arrest of Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.

Also in 1976, longtime Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley died at age 74.

In 1987, nearly 1,600 people died in the Philippines when a passenger ferry was struck by an oil tanker and sank. It was the century's worst peacetime maritime disaster.

In 1989, the United States invaded Panama to oust Manuel Noriega and install the duly elected civilian government. Twenty-three U.S. troops were killed.

In 1990, Eduard Shevardnadze abruptly resigned as Soviet foreign minister, warning against a dictatorship of hard-liners.

Also in 1990, the Pentagon said the U.S.-led forces of Operation Desert Shield could move against Iraq by Jan. 15.

In 1991, Philippines prosecutors filed nine counts of graft against former first lady Imelda Marcos, charging she used bogus front companies to bilk millions of dollars from the nation.

In 1992, a former Cuban military pilot who defected to the United States in 1991 flew a small plane back to Cuba to bring his wife and two sons safely to Florida.

In 1993, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic's governing Socialist Party claimed victory in parliamentary elections held the day before.

In 1994, former President Carter announced that the warring parties in Bosnia had agreed to a 4-month cease-fire starting on Dec. 23.

In 1995, 160 people were killed when an American Airlines 757 crashed into a mountain shortly before it was scheduled to land in Cali, Colombia.

Also in 1995, Buckingham Palace confirmed that Queen Elizabeth II had sent letters to her son, Prince Charles, and his estranged wife, Princess Diana, urging them to seek a divorce as quickly as possible.

Further in 1995, NATO assumed peacekeeping duties in Bosnia from the United Nations.

In 1996, guerrillas in Peru took an estimated 380 hostages at the Japanese ambassador's residence.

In 1998, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declared that the four-night U.S.-British bombing campaign of his country was a victory for Iraq over the "enemies of God and humanity."

Also in 1998, a Houston woman gave birth to seven more babies after delivering the first infant 12 days earlier. They were the only known set of octuplets to be born alive in the United States. The smallest baby died a week later.

In 1999, Macau reverted to Chinese rule.

In 2001, Argentine President Fernando de la Rua resigned amid mass protest demonstrations but chaos continued in his troubled country.

In 2002, Sen. Trent Lott, R-Miss., resigned as Senate majority leader amid an intense furor growing from remarks that seemed to praise the 1948 segregationist presidential candidacy of Sen. Strom Thurmond, R-S.C.

In 2003, a New York Times/CBS News poll says most Americans would support a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages.

In 2004, a published report said experts were estimating that Medicare will exhaust its hospital-care trust fund by 2019.

Also in 2004, the United Nations said sub-Saharan Africa, ravaged this year by drought, civil strife and swarms of crop-devouring locusts, faced a worsening food crisis.

A thought for the day: Bertrand Russell said, "To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom."