Researchers at RTI International, the University of California San Francisco and the University of North Carolina examined the relationship between gang exposure and pregnancy among 237 sexually active females ages 14 to 19 from predominately Latino neighborhoods in San Francisco.

The study, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, found that a girl's gang membership did not affect her pregnancy risk, but girls with gang-affiliated boyfriends were twice as likely as their peers to become pregnant. Girls whose boyfriends spent time in jail were also more likely to become pregnant.

During the study, 27.4 percent of the participants became pregnant. The researchers suggest there may be increased perceived social pressures for gang members to have a baby, or women with gang-involved partners may feel less power to negotiate condom use.

"The significant role of partner's gang membership in increasing pregnancy risk highlights the importance of addressing the reproductive health needs of gang-involved youth," Alexandra Minnis of RTI said in a statement.