Researchers at the Kansas State University's College of Veterinary Medicine are examining how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, damage the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal tract.

Study leader James Lillich says NSAIDs are some of the most commonly used prescription and over-the-counter drugs for relieving ailments from headaches to arthritis by blocking a type of enzyme called cyclooxygenase, or COX, which is needed for healthy cellular function.

When tissue becomes inflamed, isoforms of the enzyme produce prostaglandins, which are responsible for the pain associated with inflammation. Although drugs inhibiting COX-2 reduce inflammation, their targets can spill over and also inhibit the gastrointestinal tract's ability to heal itself, leading to problems like ulcers.

Lillich found that in addition to blocking COX, NSAIDs also are affecting other important enzymes called calpains, required for cell maintenance. Calpains are vital to white blood cells in epithelial cell migration.

"Calpains are a good starting point, because they play important roles for a variety of cells, and you're not just looking at one or two cell types when it comes to ulcer formation," Lillich said in a statement. "This will teach us about wound healing, cell migration and what the white blood cell does."